CRC en droit de la santé et de la sécurité du travail // CRC in Occupational Health and Safety Law

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/10393/37804

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Factors Influencing the Health and Safety of Temporary Foreign Workers in Skilled and Low-Skilled Occupations in Canada
(2019) Cedillo, Leonor; Lippel, Katherine; Nakache, Delphine
This article reports on a study of occupational health and safety (OHS) challenges for temporary foreign workers (TFWs) in low- and high-skilled occupations, based on twenty-two cases drawn from a broader study in three Canadian provinces. Interviewees in construction, meat processing, hospitality, and fast food reported concerns regarding working conditions and OHS issues. They include precarious migration status affecting voice; contrasting access to social support; and mechanisms undermining regulatory effectiveness. Sources of vulnerability include closed work permits (making workers dependent on a single employer for job security and family reunification); ineffective means to ensure contractual compliance; and TFW invisibility attributable to their dispersal throughout the labor market. Violations include increased workload without an increase in pay and non-compliance with OHS and contractual rules without oversight. Positive and negative practices are discussed. Recommendations include improving migration security to preserve worker voice and facilitating communication between immigration and OHS authorities.
Occupational Health and Safety and the Mobile Workforce: Insights From a Canadian Research Program
(2019) Neis, Barbara; Lippel, Katherine
Globally, employment-related geographical mobility (mobility to and within work) is a pervasive aspect of work that has potential health and safety implications. As an introduction to this special issue, this article defines the mobile workforce as those who engage in complex/extended mobility to and within work encompassing >two hours daily, less frequent but more extended mobility between regions and countries, and mobility within work such as between work sites or in mobile workplaces. Focusing on the Canadian context, we discuss the challenges associated with developing a statistical profile for this diversely mobile workforce and provide an overview of articles in the special issue identifying key health and safety challenges associated with extended/complex employment-related geographical mobility. We estimate that up to 16 percent of Canada’s employed labor force (including those commuting > one hour one-way, temporary residents with work permits, and transportation workers) engage in extended/complex mobility related to work.
Occupational Health and Safety Challenges From Employment-Related Geographical Mobility Among Canadian Seafarers on the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Seaway
(2019) Shan, Desai; Lippel, Katherine
Seafaring involves multiple patterns of mobility. Ships are mobile workplaces that connect and disconnect from land. Many move within and between national boundaries. Maritime labor forces are recruited from multiple locations engaging in varying commutes to and from homeports—international commutes for international labor forces and internal commutes for national labor forces. Mobilities expose seafarers to a range of occupational health and safety hazards, which can be exacerbated by mobility-related constraints on regulatory protections. Based on legal analysis and twenty-five semi-structured interviews with Canadian seafarers, managers, and key informants, this exploratory study examines how employment-related geographical mobility may create occupational health and safety challenges for Canadian seafarers working on the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence Seaway. Findings show that few legal instruments are available to protect seafarers from commuting-related occupational hazards and that occupational health and safety challenges are numerous. Seafarers’ occupational health and safety rights on board are restricted and they are systemically discouraged from raising safety concerns.
Regulating Health and Safety and Workers' Compensation in Canada for the Mobile Workforce: Now You See Them, Now You Don't
(2019) Lippel, Katherine; Walters, David
Although much research has examined the occupational health and safety (OHS) and workers’ compensation (WC) implications of precarious employment and temporary international labor migration, little is known about the implications of diverse types of employment-related geographic mobility for regulatory effectiveness of OHS and WC. This article examines different types of extended mobility to determine regulatory effectiveness of OHS and WC protections. Based on classic legal analysis in seven Canadian jurisdictions, and interviews with key informants, we found that the invisibility of the internally mobile workforce, as well as the alternating visibility and invisibility of temporary foreign workers, contribute to reduced effectiveness of the OHS and WC regulation. Results point to the need for better protections to address working conditions, but also the hazards and challenges associated with mobility itself including getting to and from work, living at work, and maintaining work–life balance while living at the worksite.
Prévention de la chronicité: comment le droit pourrait-il mieux contribuer à diminuer les incapacités au travail
(2020) Lippel, Katherine; Sabourin, Vicky
Après un rappel des consignes tirés de la littérature scientifique relative à la prévention de la chronicité des incapacités développées en raison d’une lésion professionnelle, ce chapitre examine certaines forces et faiblesses du régime québécois de réparation à cet égard. Nous examinons différents éléments de la Loi sur les accidents du travail et les maladies professionnelles et des pratiques dans ce domaine qui peuvent servir soit à prévenir ou à aggraver une incapacité chronique au travail. On s’attarde notamment sur les questions suivantes à la lumière de la littérature scientifique reliée au retour au travail : L’évolution des connaissances scientifiques portant sur les bonnes pratiques pour prévenir les incapacités chroniques; la mesure du retour au travail dans les études scientifiques; les effets des perceptions d’injustice sur la santé et la réadaptation; la mesure du stress relié au processus d’indemnisation. On examine ensuite, en tenant compte de résultats de recherche empirique, trois thématiques juridiques : l’assignation temporaire et le rôle des médecins dans le processus de réparation; la judiciarisation qui mène à l’inaptitude permanente; les réclamations pour lésion psychologiques chez les premiers répondants. On conclut en invitant l’ensemble des acteurs impliqués dans le processus de réparation d’une lésion professionnelle à réfléchir à toutes les sources potentielles de perceptions d’injustice afin de réduire en amont les facteurs qui mènent à l’incapacité au travail.
Workers’ Compensation for Work-Related Mental Health Problems: An Overview of Quebec Law
(2017) Lippel, Katherine
A comparative analysis of public policies on mental health at work suggests that laws to prevent occupational health problems are more likely to cover workers’ mental health when occupational injury programs include compensation for mental health problems.This chapter is divided into two sections. The first, based on data from Quebec, describes workers’ exposure to psychosocial risks and associated health problems, and outlines how the organizations responsible for compensation deal with workers’ compensation claims. The second part describes the workers’ compensation legal framework in Quebec that applies to claims for work-related mental health problems. The conclusion provides suggestions for ensuring better management of mental health problems attributable to work.
Travailleurs migrants et accès aux soins de santé : quelle est l’influence de l’admissibilité aux soins sur la trajectoire de la santé au travail ?
(2014) Hanley, Jill; Gravel, Sylvie; Lippel, Katherine; Koo, Jah-Hon
Cet article présente les résultats d’une étude exploratoire sur l’accès aux services de santé des migrants à statut précaire. Une enquête a été menée auprès de 211 hommes et femmes migrants, et parmi ceux-ci, 31 ont été retenus pour un entretien en profondeur. Pour cet article, nous présentons les résultats concernant 78 travailleurs comprenant ceux recrutés en tant que travailleurs (travailleurs étrangers temporaires) ou qui n’ont pas d’accès au filet de sécurité sociale et doivent habituellement travailler (les sans-papiers). Une revue de la littérature est présentée, reliant le statut migratoire à l’accès aux soins de santé et aux problèmes de santé au travail. Nous présentons la méthodologie et ensuite les résultats qui décrivent les réseaux sociaux auxquels les travailleurs migrants ont recours pour répondre à leurs préoccupations en matière de santé, comprenant notamment les professionnels du Québec, et des ressources transnationales en santé. Ces résultats pourront être utiles aux professionnels de la SST pour comprendre certains obstacles auxquels font face les travailleurs migrants ayant subi un accident du travail ou une maladie professionnelle. Les difficultés d’accès aux soins de santé peuvent-elles compromettre le recours des travailleurs migrants victimes de lésions professionnelles ?
Reconnaissance des cancers d'origine professionnelle au Québec
(2015) Lippel, Katherine
Cet article porte sur la reconnaissance des cancers professionnels en droit québécois. Il se limite à une analyse de la législation et de la jurisprudence, et est donc forcément incomplet parce qu’on n’a aucune donnée sur les pratiques quotidiennes et les politiques de la Commission de la santé et de la sécurité du travail (CSST), ni même sur les pratiques des comités des maladies pulmonaires professionnelles et du comité spécial des présidents, comités formés de pneumologues et créés par la Loi sur les accidents du travail et les maladies professionnelles pour informer la CSST lors de l’évaluation de maladies pulmonaires. Après avoir survolé le droit applicable à ce sujet dans d’autres juridictions, nous nous attarderons, dans cette introduction, aux questions reliées à la preuve scientifique, élément clef de chaque litige devant la CLP en matière de reconnaissance d’un cancer à titre de maladie professionnelle
Preserving Workers’ Dignity in Workers’ Compensation Systems: An International Perspective
(2012) Lippel, Katherine
BACKGROUND: Workers' compensation systems are among the most generous disability insurance systems in North America, although they are also known to be potentially adversarial and may have iatrogenic effects on claimants. This article examines issues to be considered to ensure fair compensation provided in a way that respects the dignity of workers. METHODS: An overview of the literature on characteristics and effects of workers' compensation systems is followed by an analysis based on classic legal methods, including those of comparative law, complemented with interview data to examine three models of disability compensation. RESULTS: The first part of the article identifies cross cutting issues to be considered in the examination of the equity of compensation systems and the protection of the dignity of claimants. These include three underpinnings of workers' compensation: the links between a "no-fault" system and the adversarial process, the appropriate use of medical and scientific evidence in the determination of compensability and the application of appropriate measures for promoting return to work. The second part looks at accident compensation in New Zealand, where compensation is available regardless of the cause of the accident, and disability insurance in the Netherlands, where compensation is available regardless of the cause of the disability. It then describes a composite of characteristics favorable to equity drawn from the thirteen workers' compensation systems in Canada. CONCLUSION: Systems that succeed in reducing opportunities for adversarial interactions and that provide substantive protection could better promote the dignity of claimants.
Pathways to Healthcare for Migrant Workers : How Can Health Entitlement Influence Occupational Health Trajectories ?
(2014) Hanley, Jill; Gravel, Sylvie; Lippel, Katherine; Koo, Jah-Hon
This article draws on an exploratory study of the experiences of precarious status migrants in their attempts to access healthcare. We surveyed 211 men and women migrants and did 31 semi-structured follow-up interviews. For the purposes of this article, we report on the 78 respondents who were either recruited to Canada specifically as workers (temporary foreign workers) or who had no access to income support and were therefore likely to be working (undocumented workers). We begin the article with an overview of the literature linking migration status to difficult healthcare access and higher risk of OHS problems. After presenting our methods, we turn to the results, outlining how migrant workers are using a combination of social networks, Quebec professionals and transnational healthcare connections to address their health concerns. Our findings offer insight to OHS professionals seeking to understand the differential outcomes for immigrants faced with workplace accidents or illnesses. Can difficult access to healthcare become a barrier to full recourse in cases of workplace injury or illness among migrant workers ?
Workers’ compensation experience-rating rules and the danger to workers’ safety in the temporary work agency sector
(2012) MacEachen, Ellen; Lippel, Katherine; Saunders, Ron; Kosny, Agnieszka; Mansfield, Liz; Carrasco, Christine; Pugliese, Diana
By putting a price on workplace health and linking this to costs incurred in individual businesses, experience-rating rules encourage employer ‘gaming’ — cost-reduction attempts that do not necessarily increase workplace safety. We argue that experience-rating rules, together with the rise of non-standard employment arrangements, have fostered the growth of the temporary work agency sector to which employers can outsource workplace injury risk. This study explored how temporary work agencies in Ontario, Canada carry out workplace injury prevention and return to work. We aimed to understand why these agencies would shoulder experience-rating costs when they cannot control the work environment. Focus groups and in-depth interviews were held with 64 participants between 2009 and 2011. Participants included low-wage agency workers, temporary work agencies, client employers and key informants. Legal and documentary data were also analysed. Our findings show how experience-rating rules create a market for outsourcing risky jobs to temporary work agencies, which cannot properly manage injury prevention and return to work. We detail how agencies are positioned to absorb experience-rating costs for their clients and avoid financial risk through cost transfer, premium rate groups, legal positioning, influencing accident reporting practices, and shutting down and re-opening the business. Our findings also show how experience-rating arrangements can distort the responsibility these agencies have for work and health. In Ontario, these facilitate employer ‘gaming’, largely within the rules. We propose that workplace health would be less of a tradeable commodity, and workers’ safety and return to work a more significant priority for employers, if experience rating were applied to the client employer who controls the conditions of work.
Les droits et responsabilités des employeurs et des travailleurs dans un contexte de sous-traitance: enjeux pour la prévention, l'indemnisation et le retour au travail
(2011) Lippel, Katherine; Laflamme, Anne Marie
Depuis l’adoption des lois québécoises sur la santé et la sécurité du travail et sur l’indemnisation pour les lésions professionnelles, la sous-‐traitance et le recours à des agences de location de personnel sont en progression exponentielle. De ce fait, ’application de ce droit se complexifie. Cet article analysera la portée et les limites de l’application de la Loi sur la santé et la sécurité du travail et la Loi sur les accidents du travail et les maladies professionnelles aux situations de travail triangulaires, incluant la sous-traitance et le recours aux agences de location de personnel. Il s’intéresse au droit régissant la prévention des lésions professionnelles et l’indemnisation des personnes qui travaillent et qui subissent les conséquences de ces lésions dans un contexte de sous-‐traitance ou de relation triangulaire. Nous allons aborder l’identification des enjeux et l’analyse des règles juridiques dans le cadre de trois situations factuelles : la sous-‐traitance confiée à un travailleur autonome, la sous-‐traitance confiée à une entreprise qui embauche à son tour Des salaries et le recours, par le donneur d’ouvrage, à une agence de location de personnel. Il faut noter, par ailleurs, que l’industrie de la construction est assujettie à des règles particulières. Dans ce domaine, qui, sauf exception, ne feront pas l’objet du present texte. Après avoir identifié les principaux enjeux qu'impliquent ces différentes forms de sous-traitance pour la santé et la sécurité du travail et pour l’effectivité du droit dans ce domaine, nous identifierons les particularités juridiques associées à ces différentes formes sous‐traitance lorsque vient le temps d’appliquer la L.s.s.t. ainsi que les questions qu'elles posent dans l’application de la L.a.t.m.p.
Legal protections governing the occupational safety and health and workers’ compensation of temporary employment agency workers in Canada: reflections on regulatory effectiveness
(2011) Lippel, Katherine; MacEachen, Ellen; Saunders, Ron; Werhun, Natalia; Kosny, Agnieszka; Mansfield, Liz; Carrasco, Christine; Pugliese, Diana
This paper examines the effectiveness of occupational safety and health and workers’ compensation legislation in Ontario and Québec when temporary employment agencies (TEAs) are involved in the employment relationship. Relying on a comparative approach using classic legal analysis and interview data, the paper identifies specific mechanisms by which the legislation succeeds or fails to protect temporary employment agency employees. Issues of importance with regard to workers’ compensation stem in large part from the nature of the triangular employment relationship, but are also attributable to the specificities of working on-call in a variety of locations and the vulnerability of workers hired through temporary employment agencies. Accidents may be more likely to go unreported for a variety of reasons, while the cost of compensation may be lower because benefits depend solely on pre-injury earnings rather than on the impact of the injury on earning capacity. This, in turn, affects incentives for employer participation in return-to-work programmes and undermines the rationale for ‘experience rating’. The primary challenges regarding the prevention of injury and disease affecting workers placed by temporary employment agencies arise because of disorganisation associated with triangular and cascading employment relationships, which makes it difficult to ensure the adequate training of workers, the provision of appropriate safety equipment and adequate representation in joint health and safety committees. At best, temporary agencies inspect workplaces before placing workers, yet they are ill equipped to identify hazards and have little control over the work required of the worker. The use of temporary agency workers is attractive to client employers because they thus avoid the costs of compensation and the unpleasantness associated with the aggressive contesting of claims. In Ontario, prevention strategies are still required of client employers because both the client and the agency may be liable for occupational health and safety violations. This is less clear in Québec, although client employers may sometimes be held accountable through experience rating. The Ontario occupational safety and health legislative framework, as applied by the regulators and the courts, is more likely than the Québec framework to meet at least some of the occupational safety and health needs of workers employed by temporary employment agencies. However, the Québec workers’ compensation framework meets more of the workers’ compensation needs of temporary employment agency workers than that of Ontario. In both provinces, legislative reform could improve the scope and effectiveness of the legislation, and this paper includes detailed recommendations in this regard.
Le droit comme outil de maintien en emploi : rôle protecteur, rôle destructeur
(2010) Lippel, Katherine
Cet article explore les pratiques juridiques et de gestion appliquées au Québec à l’égard des personnes atteintes d’incapacité de travail en raison d’une lésion professionnelle. Il débute par un examen des facteurs associés au succès du retour au travail rapportés dans la littérature des sciences de réadaptation, notamment les études sur la réinsertion précoce. Ensuite, il examine le droit régissant la réadaptation professionnelle, ainsi que son application par les employeurs et la Commission de la santé et de la sécurité du travail (CSST) à la lumière des principales conclusions de la littérature en ce qui concerne les facteurs qui facilitent le retour au travail et ceux qui y font obstacle. On conclut que le droit lui-même crée peu d’obstacles à la mise en œuvre d’un retour au travail réussi ; par contre, les pratiques de gestion et de traitement des litiges entourant la mise en œuvre de ce droit peuvent compromettre le succès du retour au travail des personnes ayant subi une lésion professionnelle.
L’avenir du droit de la santé et de la sécurité du travail dans le contexte de la mondialisation
(2016) Lippel, Katherine
Le droit de la santé et de la sécurité du travail régit la prévention des accidents du travail et les maladies professionnelles ainsi que la réparation des lésions professionnelles. Au Canada, comme ailleurs, les lois dans ce domaine sont parmi les plus anciennes interventions législatives en matière de droit du travail et de sécurité sociale, remontant à la fin du dix-neuvième siècle pour ce qui concerne les lois de prévention, et au début du vingtième siècle en matière de réparation. Cet article tracera l’évolution de ces interventions jusqu’à nos jours, pour s’interroger sur les forces et les faiblesses des régimes de prévention et de réparation des lésions professionnelles en vigueur maintenant au Canada. Dans un contexte de marchés du travail mondialisés, où la sous-traitance et l’externalisation des risques ainsi que le travail précaire sont généralisés, on constate la multiplication des défis pour les régimes d’inspection et de prévention chargés de la protection de la santé des travailleuses et travailleurs. Du côté de la réparation, il y a lieu d’examiner nos lois régissant l’indemnisation pour déterminer jusqu’à quel point elles répondent toujours aux besoins des personnes dont la santé est atteinte en raison de leur travail. La santé et la sécurité du travail est principalement de juridiction provinciale, autant au niveau de la prévention qu’au niveau de la réparation, le Code canadien du travail régissant uniquement la protection de la santé des personnes œuvrant en entreprises de compétence fédérale, soit 8% de la population qui travaille au Canada. Cet article présentera les enjeux clefs pour une meilleure protection des personnes qui travaillent, et identifiera les approches incontournables pour assurer la modernisation des lois de prévention et de réparation de manière à protéger adéquatement la main d’oeuvre du vingt et unième siècle. En matière de prévention, à l’instar du législateur australien, les législateurs canadiens devront chercher à élargir la portée des lois en matière de santé et sécurité du travail, en écartant les définitions actuelles des termes « employeur » et « travailleur » afin d’éviter des débats stériles cherchant à caractériser le contrat de travail. Au niveau de la réparation, l’article présentera une liste d’éléments qui permettront une protection plus adéquate pour les personnes dont la santé est atteinte en raison de leur travail.
From individual coping strategies to illness codification: the reflection of gender in social science research on Multiple Chemical Sensitivities (MCS)
(2014) Nadeau, Geneviève; Lippel, Katherine
Introduction: Emerging fields such as environmental health have been challenged, in recent years, to answer the growing methodological calls for a finer integration of sex and gender in health-related research and policy-making. Methods: Through a descriptive examination of 25 peer-reviewed social science papers published between 1996 and 2011, we explore, by examining methodological designs and theoretical standpoints, how the social sciences have integrated gender sensitivity in empirical work on Multiple Chemical Sensitivities (MCS). MCS is a “diagnosis” associated with sensitivities to chronic and low-dose chemical exposures, which remains contested in both the medical and institutional arenas, and is reported to disproportionately affect women. Results: We highlighted important differences between papers that did integrate a gender lens and those that did not. These included characteristics of the authorship, purposes, theoretical frameworks and methodological designs of the studies. Reviewed papers that integrated gender tended to focus on the gender roles and identity of women suffering from MCS, emphasizing personal strategies of adaptation. More generally, terminological confusions in the use of sex and gender language and concepts, such as a conflation of women and gender, were observed. Although some men were included in most of the study samples reviewed, specific data relating to men was undereported in results and only one paper discussed issues specifically experienced by men suffering from MCS. Papers that overlooked gender dimensions generally addressed more systemic social issues such as the dynamics of expertise and the medical codification of MCS, from more consistently outlined theoretical frameworks. Results highlight the place for a critical, systematic and reflexive problematization of gender and for the development of methodological and theoretical tools on how to integrate gender in research designs when looking at both micro and macro social dimensions of environmental health conditions. Conclusions: This paper contributes to a discussion on the methodological and policy implications of taking sex and gender into account appropriately in order to contribute to better equity in health, especially where the critical social contexts of definition and medico-legal recognition play a major role such as in the case of MCS.
Differences in perceived fairness and health outcomes in two injury compensation systems: a comparative study
(2016) Elbers, Nieke A.; Collie, Alex; Hogg-Johnson, Sheilah; Lippel, Katherine; Lockwood, Keri; Cameron, Ian D.
Background: Involvement in a compensation process following a motor vehicle collision is consistently associated with worse health status but the reasons underlying this are unclear. Some compensation systems are hypothesised to be more stressful than others. In particular, fault-based compensation systems are considered to be more adversarial than no-fault systems and associated with poorer recovery. This study compares the perceived fairness and recovery of claimants in the fault-based compensation system in New South Wales (NSW) to the no-fault system in Victoria, Australia. Methods: One hundred eighty two participants were recruited via claims databases of the compensation system regulators in Victoria and NSW. Participants were > 18 years old and involved in a transport injury compensation process. The crash occurred 12 months (n = 95) or 24 months ago (n = 87). Perceived fairness about the compensation process was measured by items derived from a validated organisational justice questionnaire. Health outcome was measured by the initial question of the Short Form Health Survey. Results: In Victoria, 84 % of the participants considered the claims process fair, compared to 46 % of NSW participants (χ2 = 28.54; p < .001). Lawyer involvement and medical assessments were significantly associated with poorer perceived fairness. Overall perceived fairness was positively associated with health outcome after adjusting for demographic and injury variables (Adjusted Odds Ratio = 2.8, 95 % CI = 1.4 – 5.7, p = .004). Conclusion: The study shows large differences in perceived fairness between two different compensation systems and an association between fairness and health. These findings are politically important because compensation processes are designed to improve recovery. Lower perceived fairness in NSW may have been caused by potential adversarial aspects of the scheme, such as liability assessment, medical assessments, dealing with a third party for-profit insurance agency, or financial insecurity due to lump sum payments at settlement. This study should encourage an evidence informed discussion about how to reduce anti-therapeutic aspects in the compensation process in order to improve the injured person’s health.
Adapter les mesures préventives de santé et de sécurité pour les travailleurs qui cumulent des précarités : les obligations d’équité
(2017) Gravel, Sylvie; Lippel, Katherine; Vergara, Daniel; Dubé, Jessica; Ducharme, Jean-François; Legendre, Gabrielle
Depuis des décennies, maintes sociétés tentent de faire contrepoids aux effets de la défavorisation matérielle (faible scolarité, sous-emploi, faible revenu) et sociale des personnes et des familles (personnes seules ou monoparentales) pour améliorer la santé des populations. Or, les analyses du marché de l’emploi démontrent que même les personnes en emploi font face à la précarité (Cloutier, 2008 ; Cloutier et coll., 2011). Les emplois précaires prennent la forme du travail auprès d’une agence de location de personnel, de la sous-traitance, des emplois temporaires saisonniers ou des emplois sur appel. Tous ces types d’emplois sont incertains ou d’une durée déterminée, même si les processus de précarisation prennent des formes différentes. Les travailleuses et les travailleurs qui occupent ces emplois bénéficient certes d’un revenu, mais leurs conditions de travail et, dans certains cas, de séjour au Canada, de rémunération et de santé et sécurité au travail (SST) peuvent compromettre leur santé. Souvent en marge des travailleurs permanents au sein des entreprises, ils peuvent être également exclus des mesures préventives de SST. Les travaux de SST s’intéressent généralement à la fréquence, à la gravité des lésions professionnelles et à l’exposition aux risques pour les métiers reconnus comme étant mal rémunérés, pénibles physiquement et psychologiquement. Toutefois, ces travaux mettent rarement l’accent sur les pratiques préventives de SST auprès de travailleurs cumulant des précarités. Pourtant, la tendance actuelle du marché du travail est de faire exécuter des tâches pénibles par une main-d’oeuvre occasionnelle, idéalement externe à l’entreprise, une stratégie qui permet aux entreprises de bénéficier d’un maximum de flexibilité tout en externalisant les risques de SST (Weil, 2014). Cet article présente les principaux constats d’une revue de la littérature et de consultations auprès des professionnels de la SST sur les lésions professionnelles des travailleurs d’agences de location de personnel, des travailleurs étrangers temporaires (TÉT) et des travailleurs de petites entreprises (PE)1 non syndiquées. Cet article se centre sur les facteurs contribuant au cumul de précarités des travailleurs ayant des liens d’emploi précaires et des revenus incertains, et plus particulièrement sur les situations où les travailleurs sont mis à l’écart des mesures préventives de SST. Les objectifs de cet article sont, d’une part, de démontrer que ces travailleurs devraient obtenir des mesures de protection auxquelles ils ont droit, et d’autre part que ces mesures soient adaptées pour assurer une modification des pratiques de SST afin qu’elles soient équitables pour ces travailleurs cumulant des précarités.
Comparative Labor Law Dossier Health and Safety in The Workplace in Belgium
(2015) Lippel, Katherine
The Comparative Labor Law Dossier (CLLD) in this issue 2/2015 of IUSLabor is dedicated to Health and Safety in the Workplace. Aside from Spain, we have had the collaboration of internationally renowned academics and professionals of the following countries: Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the United Kingdom, Chile, Costa Rica, Mexico, Peru, Uruguay, Canada and the United States.
Addressing Occupational Violence: An overview of conceptual and policy considerations viewed through a gender lens
(2016) Lippel, Katherine
Support for addressing violence in the world of work has been building at the international level, including within the ILO. This was highlighted at the 104th Session of the International Labour Conference in June 2015, both in the Resolution concerning the recurrent item on social protection (labour protection) as well as in the Transition from the Informal to the Formal Economy Recommendation, 2015 (No. 204). The issue is central to the ILO’s centenary initiative on women at work, as violence is a major obstacle to decent work for women and men. The 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda is also relevant in this regard: Sustainable Development Goal 5.2 calls on governments to “Eliminate all forms of violence against women and girls in the public and private spheres”, and Goal 8.5 calls for full and productive employment and decent work for all women and men. This report on occupational violence and regulatory interventions was first commissioned in the context of the women at work centenary initiative, and will now also inform the preparations for a standard-setting item on Violence against Women and Men in the World of Work (at the International Labour Conference to be held in 2018). It builds on the seminal work of Duncan Chappell and Vittorio Di Martino, published by the ILO in 20061, a book that remains the most thorough overview of issues important to the understanding of occupational violence in the world. Since that important publication, much research has been conducted and many policies have been developed and implemented in jurisdictions around the world on various aspects of occupational violence. Much of the research has examined physical violence and workplace bullying and harassment; however, few studies have used a gender lens in reporting on occupational violence in its various forms. Those studies that do focus on gender tend to focus on sexual harassment, and more recently domestic violence in the workplace, rather than looking more broadly at all forms of occupational violence through a gender lens. Paying attention to gender in understanding all types of violence occurring in the workplace in various countries, and the determinants of workplace violence, is essential for the development of gender-sensitive policies that will promote prevention of violence in its various forms and that will ensure adequate social protection and support for targets of violence. This report, reviewing the international literature and a selection of regulatory instruments with respect to occupational violence, provides an overview of policy strategies addressing the prevention of occupational violence, examines the various, (sometimes competing) conceptual frameworks underpinning policy responses to violence, and describes different models of regulatory and policy interventions. The report identifies gender issues of importance in designing policy on occupational violence and knowledge and policy gaps that should be addressed to better design protections that are gender sensitive. The report also examines compensation for disability attributable to occupational violence, and other remedies and sanctions.

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