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Type d'Item : Item , Umple User Manual V1.38(2026-10-15) CRuiSE Research Group; Lethbridge, TimothyUmple is a tool for creating models of software and generating code in Java, Python, PHP, C++ and other languages. Umple’s language is textual, but many kinds of diagrams and other outputs can be generated and used to help edit the text; these including state machines, state tables, class diagrams, feature diagrams, entity-relationship diagrams, message sequence tables, and instance diagrams. Umple allows embedding of several requirements formats such as user stories and use cases; Umple helps users understand the relationships (traceability) from the requirements to models and code, and vice-versa. Umple can be used online, as a command-line tool or in many integrated development tools (IDEs) such as VSCode, Zed, Cursor or BBEdit. These tools use Umple's Language Server Protocol (LSP) capabilities to help people edit their text. Developers can make extensive use of the modeling notations (data models, state models), but also embed code in target languages such as Java or Python to complete their system. This enables direct generation of systems from the Umple textual source. Umple's online tools enable users to use artificial intelligence (AI) to build systems reliably: Users pick a set of requirements in Umple and ask any AI to build Umple models, that can be deterministically transformed into code. This document is the pdf version of the Umple user manual as of version 1.38.0 (October 2025) and supersedes the 2021 version for version 1.30.2. Umple has been extensively improved since then, with numerous new capabilities. This version of the manual has over 890 pages and embeds over 550 examples. Most people will use the online html version of the manual, available at https://manual.umple.org, however some people prefer a printable or citable document. This document has the same content as the online version, and links will take readers to the online manual. All examples in the manual have links that open the example code in classic UmpleOnline at https://try.umple.org or a newer experience at https://newumpleonline.umple.org. Umple is an open-source project, developed by over 100 students at the University of Ottawa and elsewhere since 2007. The Umple compiler is written in itself. Umple is hosted on Github, at http://umple.org/code. Umple is targeted at open-source developers, so they can use it in their textual toolchain and develop code faster. It is also targeted at educators who want to teach modeling, as well as to enable students to create large, reliable, and complete executable systems from models, something that is more complex when using other modeling tools. Umple is also a research platform for studying software modeling, programming language technology, agile software development, AI in software engineering, and user experience. There are numerous scientific papers published about Umple. The definitive paper to cite is by Lethbridge, TC., Forward, A., Badreddin, O., Brestovansky, D., Garzon, M., Aljamaan, H., Eid, S., Husseini Orabi, A., Husseini Orabi, M.,Abdelzad, V., Adesina, O., Alghamdi, A., Algablan, A., Zakariapour, A. (2021) Umple: Model-Driven Development for Open Source and Education, Science of Computer Programming, Elsevier, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scico.2021.102665 . That paper cites other relevant papers. A larger set of publications can be found at https://github.com/umple/umple/wiki/Publications . Umple is supported by NSERC and is hosted by the Digital Research Alliance of Canada.Type d'Item : Item , The Effects of Oral Contraceptive Use on Objective and Subjective Episodic Memory(Université d'Ottawa | University of Ottawa, 2026-10-15) Jensen, Adelaide; Davidson, Patrick S. R.Introduced more than 60 years ago, oral contraceptives (OC) are one of the most common forms of contraceptives used by reproductive-aged women today. Despite their widespread use, very little is known about the ways in which the hormones contained in OCs (i.e., synthetic versions of estradiol and progesterone) affect cognition, with much of the literature having been criticized for its predominance of cross-sectional designs, inconsistent consideration of OC-related factors (e.g., pill formulation, reproductive history/previous hormonal contraceptive use, group heterogeneity, etc.), and variable characterization and measurement of cognitive domains. Some studies have suggested that OC use may slightly enhance verbal episodic memory (i.e., our long-term, explicit recollection of personal events), although findings are mixed. It also remains unclear whether OC use alters subjective perceptions of one’s memory. Across three studies, this dissertation addresses the extent to which OC use might influence objective and subjective memory. I begin by describing the development and validation of the neuropsychological methods used in the second half of this thesis. Next, I cross-sectionally examine differences in subjective and objective memory between OC users and non-users. Finally, this thesis culminates with a quasi-experimental, repeated-measures investigation of objective and subjective memory changes in newly initiated OC users. We first tested the reliability of the Multifactorial Memory Questionnaire (MMQ)—a widely-used measure of subjective memory—for use with healthy young adults. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) with age invariance testing conducted with n = 408 young and n = 327 older adults suggested that although the MMQ is more reliable in older adults, it is also adequate for use in younger populations. Next, we piloted the remotely-administered, web-based implementation of a well-established episodic memory battery in n = 50 young adults and checked the feasibility of two parallel battery versions for repeated online testing. Additionally, using (young female participant only) data from a previous study employing a similar web-based battery, CFA was used to verify relationships between individual memory tasks in the battery and replicate its factor structure. The final study employed the measures verified above to systematically investigate the role of OC use in objective and subjective memory while addressing common methodological limitations in the literature. Cross-sectional analyses revealed slightly higher objective memory and memory satisfaction among OC users (n = 60) compared to non-users (n = 75); these results were also dependent on parallel task version and participants’ first language. Repeated measures analyses assessing group-by-time interactions, however, indicated no significant changes in objective or subjective memory in newly initiated OC users (n = 37) following three months/cycles of use, compared to long-time OC users (n = 43) and non-users (n = 45). Findings from the present dissertation shed light on the existing mixed evidence on the involvement of OCs in cognitive functioning and suggest that influences on memory may emerge following more prolonged exposure to OC hormones. Notably, this thesis also provides preliminary support for a possible role of contraceptives in subjective memory, particularly satisfaction with everyday memory functioning. Potential implications of our findings for the growing field of contraceptives and cognition research, including methodological considerations, underlying mechanisms of OC influences on cognition, and future research directions are discussed.Type d'Item : Item , Politicians, Elections, and Satisfaction with Democracy(Université d'Ottawa | University of Ottawa, 2026-10-15) Gaspard, Valere; Ferland, Benjamin; Turgeon, LucThe study of democracy is a vast field of political science. More recently, there is a renewed interest in understanding what might cause stable democracies to backslide or to resist decline. This critical moment in time, in which liberal democracies are now one of the least common regime types in the world, serves as a backdrop for the focus of this thesis: politicians’ assessments of electoral processes and the way democracy works. Politicians are particularly important for democratic stability. They can be central in the process of democratic resistance or decline because of their influence over the views of citizens, or if elected, their decision-making power within political institutions. Because of this, it is both timely and imperative for researchers to (re-)examine processes and institutions in democratic countries, like electoral processes, and what politicians think of them. Given the prominent role politicians have in democratic systems, this thesis presupposes that we can better understand the way democracy works by studying politicians directly, by considering what they think of the working of democracy, as well as examining how they engage with and think about electoral processes. However, while there is extensive research on citizens’ democratic satisfaction, there is less consideration of politicians’ attitudes and feelings about how democracy is working in their country. As such, this article-based thesis poses the following broad research question with respect to politicians: what are the determinants of politicians’ democratic satisfaction and their perceptions of the electoral process? Since elections are core to the democratic process, this thesis considers different aspects of the electoral process and how they might impact politicians’ democratic satisfaction as a starting point. In doing so, the three articles in this dissertation establish several theoretical and empirical contributions to the broader study of democracy, as well as the narrower fields of satisfaction with democracy (SWD), electoral processes, electoral management bodies (EMB), and politicians’ behaviours. Some of these contributions include its consideration of whether election-related determinants influence politicians’ SWD, deepening our understanding of how politicians’ perceptions of electoral processes and EMB design preferences are influenced by other election-related determinants, and the first study to use a conjoint experiment to assess EMB preferences. The findings in the three articles indicate that politicians generally want democracy and elections to function in accordance with classic democratic ideals.Type d'Item : Item , Experimental and Numerical Study of Shock Front Perturbation Decay(Université d'Ottawa | University of Ottawa, 2026-10-15) Amor, Yazid; Radulescu, MateiPerturbations on shock fronts appear in many gas-dynamic configurations, including shock tubes, shock focusing problems, and reactive flows. As a perturbed shock propagates, its front progressively recovers a more planar shape, but the decay rate of finite-amplitude perturbations remains unclear. The objective of this work is to quantify the decay rate of perturbations on inert shock fronts and to identify the physical mechanism responsible for this decay. Three complementary approaches are used: shock tube experiments, two-dimensional Euler simulations, and Geometrical Shock Dynamics calculations. In all three cases, the perturbation amplitude is measured using the Mach-number difference ΔM across the triple-point structure, separating the stronger Mach shock region from the weaker incident shock region. The results show that ΔM decays approximately as 1/t. This behavior is observed consistently in the experiments, Euler simulations, and GSD calculations. The measured decay is therefore closer to the nonlinear 1/t scaling discussed by Whitham than to the t⁻³ᐟ² or t⁻¹ᐟ² decay laws previously reported from linear theory and early experimental interpretations. The agreement between the three approaches shows that the decay is governed by nonlinear wave dynamics along the shock front. In particular, the Mach-number profile along the front can be interpreted as the superposition of two N-wave-like disturbances propagating in opposite directions. The 1/t decay of these N-waves provides a physical explanation for the observed scaling. This work provides experimental, numerical, and theoretical evidence that finite-amplitude perturbations on inert shock fronts decay according to a nonlinear 1/t law.Type d'Item : Item , Social Justice, Technology, and the Canadian Engineering Profession's Statutory Public Interest Mandate(Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2026-10-14) Liu, Mic; Martín-Pérez, Beatriz; McGill, JenaEngineered systems govern ordinary life long before a court, regulator, or complaint process becomes involved. They influence whether drinking water remains protected, whether a public building can be used safely and with dignity, and whether technical information can be understood and challenged. A design may satisfy a minimum technical requirement while still placing a patterned and uneven burden on a structurally marginalized public. This thesis asks how the public-interest mandate in the provincial and territorial laws that regulate professional engineering across Canada should apply when engineering work creates or significantly shapes that kind of risk. I argue that the mandate requires role-specific due care for a material disparate-impact risk when six cumulative conditions are met. The first three ask whether the risk is more than remote or minor, whether it may impair a public-facing interest, and whether its burden is patterned and uneven. The remaining three ask whether engineering work creates or significantly shapes the risk, whether a competent actor could know of it through ordinary diligence within role, and whether an actor has authority to respond. The thesis develops that argument through interdisciplinary legal and engineering analysis. It interprets statutes, regulations, and cases governing professional authority, then connects those sources to engineering ethics and science and technology studies. Scholarship on equality and disability helps identify evidence that conventional technical routines may miss. Work on Indigenous knowledge and epistemic injustice adds questions about authority, credibility, and excluded forms of knowledge. Three recurring examples test the framework at different distances from licensed practice. Site 41, a proposed Ontario landfill, is the engineering-heavy example because hydrogeology and groundwater modelling were central to the dispute. Technical transparency and distributed public authority were also central. Public washrooms provide an ordinary code-mediated example in which fixture calculations, mechanical systems, and accessibility can affect equivalent access. Artificial intelligence and large language model system integration provide the boundary example, showing how professional engineering may govern a defined technical use while other legal and institutional actors govern the wider technology ecosystem. The thesis makes three connected contributions. First, the cumulative threshold test identifies when an equality-facing concern becomes relevant to professional engineering responsibility. Second, the actor-authority map locates the person or institution that can investigate or change the relevant work. It also identifies who can approve the decision or receive an escalation. Third, the Public-Interest Impact Assessment translates those findings into a process of identify, assess, and respond. The assessment connects evidence to engineering judgment, assigns a response within authority, and records the conditions that require later review. The goal is to contribute to technological accountability by making professional decisions more attentive to affected publics, more transparent about uncertainty, and more reviewable when a material disparate-impact risk is known or reasonably knowable. This account places defined duties on engineering actors while preserving the separate authority of Indigenous legal orders, public bodies, and human-rights institutions. Employers and other regulators retain the authority assigned to them by law or organizational role. -- Bien avant qu'un tribunal, un organisme de réglementation ou un mécanisme de plainte intervienne, les systèmes issus du génie organisent déjà la vie quotidienne. Ils influencent la protection de l'eau potable, l'accès sûr et digne aux bâtiments publics ainsi que la possibilité de comprendre et de contester une décision technique. Une conception peut respecter une exigence technique minimale tout en imposant, selon un schéma récurrent, un fardeau inégal à un public structurellement marginalisé. Cette thèse examine la manière dont le mandat d'intérêt public prévu par les lois provinciales et territoriales qui encadrent la profession d'ingénieur au Canada devrait s'appliquer lorsqu'un travail de génie crée ou façonne de façon importante un tel risque. Je soutiens que ce mandat exige une diligence adaptée au rôle lorsqu'un risque important d'effets négatifs structurés et inégalement répartis satisfait à six critères cumulatifs. Les trois premiers demandent si le risque dépasse le stade lointain ou mineur, s'il peut compromettre un intérêt dont le public doit pouvoir bénéficier concrètement et si le fardeau se répartit de manière structurée et inégale. Les trois autres portent sur le lien avec le travail de génie, les connaissances accessibles à un acteur compétent dans l'exercice de son rôle et le pouvoir d'intervenir. La thèse développe cet argument au moyen d'une analyse interdisciplinaire du droit et du génie. Elle interprète les lois, les règlements et la jurisprudence qui encadrent l'autorité professionnelle, puis met ces sources en relation avec l'éthique du génie et les études sociales des sciences et des technologies. Les travaux sur l'égalité et le handicap aident à repérer les éléments de preuve que les routines techniques peuvent laisser de côté. Les savoirs autochtones et les travaux sur l'injustice épistémique soulèvent aussi des questions d'autorité, de crédibilité et d'exclusion des connaissances. Trois exemples récurrents éprouvent le cadre selon des liens plus ou moins étroits avec l'exercice réservé du génie. Le site 41, un projet de lieu d'enfouissement en Ontario, constitue l'exemple où le génie occupe une place centrale parce que l'hydrogéologie et la modélisation des eaux souterraines étaient au coeur du différend. Les toilettes publiques fournissent un exemple courant de conception encadrée par les codes du bâtiment, où le calcul des appareils sanitaires, les systèmes mécaniques et l'accessibilité peuvent influer sur l'égalité d'accès. L'intégration de systèmes d'intelligence artificielle (IA), notamment de grands modèles de langage (GML), sert d'exemple frontière où la responsabilité professionnelle dépend du travail précis et de l'autorité réellement exercée. La thèse propose trois contributions liées. Premièrement, un test de seuil cumulatif précise le moment où un enjeu lié à l'égalité devient pertinent pour la responsabilité professionnelle en génie. Deuxièmement, une cartographie des acteurs et de leurs pouvoirs situe la personne ou l'institution qui peut enquêter sur le travail ou le modifier. Elle indique aussi qui peut approuver la décision et à qui le risque doit être signalé. Troisièmement, l'évaluation des incidences sur l'intérêt public (Public-Interest Impact Assessment ou PIIA) traduit ces constats en trois étapes : identifier, évaluer et intervenir. L'évaluation relie les éléments de preuve au jugement de génie, attribue une réponse dans les limites de l'autorité et consigne les circonstances qui exigent une réévaluation. La thèse cherche ainsi à contribuer à la responsabilisation technologique en rendant les décisions professionnelles plus attentives aux publics touchés, plus transparentes quant à l'incertitude et plus faciles à examiner lorsqu'un risque important d'effets négatifs structurés et inégalement répartis est connu ou devrait raisonnablement l'être. Le cadre attribue des responsabilités précises aux acteurs du génie tout en respectant l'autorité distincte des ordres juridiques autochtones, des organismes publics et des organismes de protection des droits de la personne.