Études sociologiques et anthropologiques - Publications // Sociological and Anthropological Studies - Publications

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Fatigue de compassion, fatigue de diversité : l’œuf ou la poule?
(2019) Côté, Daniel; Dubé, Jessica
L’intervention en contextes interculturels requiert un certain nombre de compétences relatives à la compréhension de la situation personnelle du client et de son parcours de vie, et sur la capacité à définir un plan d’intervention adapté à cette situation. Cependant, les écrits sur le sujet suggèrent très clairement que ce type d’intervention requiert un dispositif opérationnel complexe et suffisamment flexible pour permettre aux intervenants d’ajuster leur plan d’intervention et d’y prévoir le temps et les ressources nécessaires. Si l’intervention en contexte interculturel demande au préalable beaucoup d’écoute et d’empathie, certains contextes organisationnels peuvent en revanche favoriser l’apparition de sentiments hostiles à la diversité culturelle quand cette dernière, par exemple, se voit associée à des dossiers plus complexes et à une possible augmentation de la charge de travail. En se basant sur une étude qualitative réalisée au Québec (Canada) dans la grande région de Montréal, cet article vise à faire ressortir les enjeux systémiques qui sont impliqués dans la compréhension des parcours de réadaptation et de retour au travail de travailleurs canadiens issus de l’immigration et qui reçoivent des indemnités après avoir subi une lésion professionnelle. Cette étude a recueilli le témoignage de quarante personnes : travailleurs immigrants (n=9), employeurs (n=2), intervenants en réadaptation (n=29). L’article apporte une réflexion sur l’impact de certaines pratiques de gestion dans le domaine de la santé et des services sociaux, et sur la capacité des intervenants à déployer tous les moyens nécessaires pour soutenir ces travailleurs dans leur démarche de réadaptation physique et professionnelle. Cet article propose une hypothèse pour mieux comprendre le phénomène de la genèse et du renforcement des préjugés ethnoculturels dans le milieu de la santé et qui pourrait expliquer le possible lien logique qui marque l’apparition d’une fatigue de compassion ou d’une fatigue de diversité chez les intervenants. Les auteurs de cet article soutiennent que ce lien logique, tel le paradoxe de l’œuf et de la poule, ne peut se comprendre qu’à l’orée d’une compréhension élargie et systémique du contexte d’intervention et des pratiques managériales qui régissent le cadre de la pratique professionnelle et du développement des compétences.
Les avantages et les répercussions de la politique de mise en accusation obligatoire en Ontario : perceptions des femmes victimes de violence, des intervenants et des corps policiers
(2017) Johnson, Holly; Connors, Deborah E,
Faits saillants • Les intervenants expriment plus de soutien pour les politiques de mise en accusation obligatoire que les femmes victimes de violencevictimes de violence ou la police. Un quart des agents de police pensent que la politique est mauvaise pour la majorité des femmes la plupart du temps. • Le soutien de la politique augmente avec le nombre d’années d’expérience en tant qu’agent de police ou intervenant. • La moitié des femmes ont rapporté que la police avait porté des accusations. Des accusations sont plus susceptibles d’être portées lorsque les femmes étaient en faveur de la politique ou si elles n’étaient pas sûres de souhaiter que des accusations soient portées, ou lorsqu’elles étaient blessées physiquement. • Les femmes qui ont évalué le plus favorablement la mise en accusation obligatoire sont celles dont les partenaires ont été accusés et celles qui étaient indécises mais à la place desquelles la police a déposé des accusations. • Un quart des femmes indiquent qu’il est plus probable qu’elles appellent la police à l’avenir maintenant qu’elles connaissent la politique de mise en accusation obligatoire. Un pourcentage similaire de femmes est moins désireux d’appeler la police à l’avenir. • Transférer à la police la responsabilité de porter des accusations est indiqué comme étant l’un des avantages principaux par les trois groupes. Les autres avantages pour les femmes victimes de violence comprennent la capacité de quitter la relation, la validation que la violence est inadmissible, l’aiguillage vers des ressources dans la communauté et la sécurité des femmes. • Les répercussions négatives pour les femmes victimes de violencevictimes de violence comportent des peines trop légères, un soutien insuffisant des agresseurs et la colère que les accusations provoquent chez les agresseurs. • La police est plus susceptible que les femmes victimes de violencevictimes de violence ou les intervenants de citer comme problème le désarroi des femmes face aux répercussions de leur passage dans le système de justice pénale et le fait que plusieurs femmes ne souhaitent pas que des accusations soient portées contre leur partenaire. • Les trois groupes ont souligné le besoin de soutiens communautaires afin de pleinement dégager les avantages de la mise en accusation obligatoire et en minimiser les conséquences négatives.
The benefits and impacts of mandatory charging in Ontario: Perceptions of abused women, service providers and police
(2017) Johnson, Holly; Conners, Deborah E.
Highlights • Service providers express stronger support for mandatory charging policies than abused women or police. One quarter of police officers feel the policy is bad for most women most of the time. • Support for the policy increases with years of experience working in policing or community agencies. • Women reported that police laid charges in half of cases. Charges are more likely to be laid when women are in favour or were unsure whether they wanted charges, or when they were physically injured. • Women who had positive ratings of mandatory charging were those who wanted their partners charged or were unsure and police did lay charges. • One quarter of women are more likely to call police in the future now that they know about mandatory charging and a similar percentage are less willing. • Shifting the responsibility for laying charges from women to police is cited as a top benefit by all three groups. For abused women, other benefits relate to being able to leave the relationship, validation that abuse is wrong, connecting women to resources and safety. • Negative consequences for abused women include weak penalties, lack of support for abusers, and abusers’ anger at being charged. • Police are more likely than abused women or service providers to cite problems with women being unprepared for the impacts of criminal justice system involvement and women not wanting partners charged. • Participants from all three groups emphasize a need for community supports in order to achieve benefits and reduce negative consequences of the policy.
Comparative analysis of Dutch Reformed communities’ coverage in Canadian mainstream and Reformed mass media
(2017-05) Alekseevskaia, Mariia
This paper is a comparative study of how Dutch Reformed communities self-represent themselves in their printed media and the ways these communities are covered in Canadian daily newspapers. The cases are chosen from 2005 until 2016. This research demonstrates that mainstream media forms a positive image of Dutch Reformed groups, although it seems dated because the majority of publications refer to the communities’ experience of post-war immigration and memories about World War II. Also, mainstream newspapers do not provide the reader with clear comprehension of the social role that Dutch Reformed communities play today. However, Reformed magazines give a deeper understanding of Canadian Reformed communities’ worldview, but their target audience is narrower, and, as a result, they cannot transform public perception of these religious groups.
Lean: it’s not rocket science, it’s work science
(2016-07-18) Gaudet, Joanne; Bergeron, France
The main goal of this paper is to deepen understanding for Lean as a science of work based on flow. Flow here is the process of energy moving through a system. The paper first presents the three main elements of a science. It then deals with internal consistency for Lean as a scientific knowledge system with a need to discard the notion of ‘truth’. Third, the paper delves into Lean as collaborative science. Finally, focus shifts to individual and team flow and how a Lean culture creates the conditions and relations for optimal individual and team flow for increased creativity and innovation. The authors conclude that a deeper understanding of Lean can help more organizations prosper.
An end to ‘God-like’ scientific knowledge? How non-anonymous referees and open review alter meanings for scientific knowledge
(2014-07-25) Gaudet, Joanne J.
In this paper I reflect on changing journal peer review practices and relations, and more particularly, on anonymity for referees and openness of review practices and relations. I explore how non-anonymity for referees and open access to journal peer review editorial judgements and decisions contribute to reshaping meanings for scientific knowledge. Anonymous referees and closed access to editorial documents had, until now, helped shape a meaning of objective and ‘God-like’ absolute knowledge. In contrast, more recent non-anonymous referee and open access dynamics have contributed to a new meaning of situated and partial scientific knowledge. I draw from scholarship on peer review, in legal studies, in the sociology of secrecy, and in the sociology of knowledge. I conclude that non-anonymous referees and open review practices and relations challenge ‘God-like’ scientific knowledge in secretive pre-publication journal peer review that, until now, has been instrumental for natural scientific and medical journal publication models that mostly sell scientific knowledge as news.
Investigating journal peer review as scientific object of study: unabridged version – Part II
(2014-07-16) Gaudet, Joanne J.
The main goal of this paper is to construct journal peer review as a scientific object of study based on historical research into the shaping of its structural properties. This paper is a second in a two-part series. Journal peer review performed in the natural sciences has been an object of study since at least 1830. Researchers mostly implicitly frame it as a rational system with expectations of rational decision-making. This in spite of research debunking rationality where journal peer review can yield low inter-rater reliability, be purportedly biased and conservative, and cannot readily detect fraud or misconduct. Furthermore, journal peer review is consistently presented as a process started in 1665 at the first journals and as holding a gatekeeper function for quality science. In contrast, socio-historical research portrays journal peer review as emulating previous social processes regulating what is to be considered as scientific knowledge (or not) (cf., inquisition, censorship) and early learned societies as engaged in peer review with a legal obligation under censorship. However, to date few researchers have sought to investigate journal peer review beyond a pre-constructed process or self-evident object of study. I construct journal peer review as a scientific object of study with key analytical dimensions: structural properties. I use the concept of social form to capture how individuals relate around a particular content. For the social form of ‘boundary judgement’, content refers to decisions from the judgement of scientific written texts held to account to an overarching knowledge system. Given its roots in censorship with its function of bounding science, I frame journal peer review as following precursor forms of inquisition and censorship. The main implication from insights in the paper is that structural properties in boundary judgement social forms are understood as dynamic when looked at through a historical lens.
Investigating journal peer review as scientific object of study: unabridged version – Part I
(2014-07-16) Gaudet, Joanne J.
The main goal of this paper is to construct journal peer review as a scientific object of study based on historical research into its shaping. This paper is a first in a two-part series. Journal peer review performed in the natural sciences has been an object of study since at least 1830. Researchers mostly implicitly frame it as a rational system with expectations of rational decision-making. This in spite of research debunking rationality where journal peer review can yield low inter-rater reliability, be purportedly biased and conservative, and cannot readily detect fraud or misconduct. Furthermore, journal peer review is consistently presented as a process started in 1665 at the first journals and as holding a gatekeeper function for quality science. In contrast, socio-historical research portrays journal peer review as emulating previous social processes regulating what is to be considered as scientific knowledge (or not) (cf., inquisition, censorship) and early learned societies as engaged in peer review with a legal obligation under censorship. However, to date few researchers have sought to investigate journal peer review beyond a pre-constructed process or self-evident object of study based on common experience. Here I construct journal peer review as a scientific object of study with key analytical dimensions based on its structural properties. I use the theoretical concept of social form to capture how individuals relate around a particular content. For the social form of ‘boundary judgement’ (i.e., journal peer review), content refers to decisions from the judgement of scientific written texts held to account to an overarching knowledge system. Given its roots in censorship with its function of bounding science, I frame journal peer review as following precursor boundary judgement forms of inquisition and censorship. Constructing journal peer review as a scientific object of study contributes to improving it based on scientific understanding.
Unfolding the map: Making knowledge and ignorance mobilization dynamics visible in science evaluation and policymaking
(2014) Gaudet, Joanne J.
The main goal in this chapter is to explore how a mapping of knowledge and ignorance mobilization dynamics in science can play a role in science evaluation and policymaking. The standard science epistemic map – where only knowledge is valued – is thus unfolded, making knowledge and ignorance mobilization dynamics more visible. An emphasis on mapping is in keeping with practices by natural scientists who construct visualizations for natural scientific knowledge, making it more visible and thereby hopefully easier to communicate. The chapter closes with reflections on the role of mapping in the sociology of scientific knowledge and ignorance.
It takes two to tango: knowledge mobilization and ignorance mobilization in science research and innovation
(2013) Gaudet, Joanne J.
The main goal of this paper is to propose a dynamic mapping for knowledge and ignorance mobilization in science research and innovation. An underlying argument is that ‘knowledge mobilization’ science policy agendas in countries such as Canada and the United Kingdom fail to capture a critical element of science and innovation: ignorance mobilization. The latter draws attention to dynamics upstream of knowledge in science research and innovation. Although perhaps less visible, there is ample evidence that researchers value, actively pro- duce, and thereby mobilize ignorance. For example, scientists and policymakers routinely mobilize knowledge gaps (cf. ignorance) in the process of establishing and securing research funding to argue the relevance of a scientific paper or a presentation, and to launch new research projects. Ignorance here is non-pejora- tive and by and large points to the borders and the limits of scientific knowing – what is known to be unknown. In addition, processes leading to the intentional or unintentional consideration or bracketing out of what is known to be unknown are intertwined with, yet remain distinct from, knowledge mobilization dynamics. The concepts of knowledge mobilization and of ignorance mobilization, respec- tively, are understood to be the use of knowledge or ignorance towards the achievement of goals. The value of this paper lies in its conceptualization of the mobilization of knowledge as related to the mobilization of ignorance within a complex, dynamic and symbiotic relationship in science research and innovation: it takes two to tango.
The ‘Mobilization-Network’ Approach for the Social Network Analysis of Knowledge Mobilization in Science Research and Innovation
(2014) Gaudet, Joanne J.
The main goal in this paper is to establish a theoretical and empirical basis for the social network analysis of knowledge mobilization in science research and innovation: the mobilization-network approach. The approach captures knowledge mobilization within and beyond academia. A starting point is the identification of knowledge gaps in the investigation of knowledge mobilization, namely in bibliometric studies measuring impact mostly within academia and in name generator techniques relying solely on individuals’ recall of network ties. In contrast, networks built using a mobilization-network approach make more visible the relations among heterogeneous academic and non-academic actors. These include individual and organisational actors (i.e., researchers, students, policy-makers, funders, laboratory products, and civil-society groups) and mobilization actors (i.e., laboratories, publications, research projects, policies, media events, and business ventures). The longitudinal empirical case study of a basic science laboratory illustrates the approach. Finally, the mobilization-network approach can be an asset for policy-makers wishing to evaluate the impact of science and innovation, especially where knowledge mobilization related policies are in place.
All that glitters is not gold: The shaping of contemporary journal peer review at scientific and medical journals
(2014) Gaudet, Joanne J.
The main goal for this paper is to propose an analysis of the shaping of contemporary journal peer review at natural science and medical journals. I investigate journal peer review beyond a pre-constructed process or self-evident object of study based on common experience. To do so, I use the theoretical concept of social form to capture how individuals relate around a particular content. For the social form of ‘boundary judgement’ (i.e., journal peer review), content refers to decisions from the judgement of scientific written texts held to account to an overarching knowledge system. I shun journal peer review as a supposedly purely rational process borne of a need for rationality – instead, I explore the social conditions, dynamics, processes, and contexts that contributed to its contemporary shaping. Analysis highlights how economic dynamics play a critical role in shaping pre-publication journal peer review (traditional peer review) as a paradigmatic form of peer review to the detriment of more open journal peer review forms and of journal business models that stray from the traditional reader-pay model. I conclude that all that glitters is not gold with traditional peer review.
How pre-publication journal peer review (re)produces ignorance at scientific and medical journals: a case study
(2014-06-20) Gaudet, Joanne J.
The main goal of this paper is to explore how journal peer review produces and reproduces ignorance at scientific and medical journals. I focus on the case of pre- publication journal peer review (traditional peer review). Scientific ignorance is non- pejorative as the limits and borders of knowledge where new scientific ideas can contain new ignorance that pushes the boundaries of knowledge. Traditional peer review is an example of a ‘boundary judgement’ social form where content refers to decisions from the judgement of scientific written texts held to account to an overarching knowledge system – creating boundaries between what is and what is not considered science. Moreover, boundary judgement forms interact with the social form of scientific exchange where scientists communicate knowledge and ignorance. I investigate traditional peer review’s structural properties – elements that contribute to shaping relations in a form – to understand ignorance (re)production. Analysis of twenty-five cases with empirical and self- and third party accounts data, and data from eleven semi-structured interviews helps construct theoretical insights into how traditional peer review mostly contributes to ignorance reproduction. Reproduction owes to four structural properties: (1) contingency traditional peer review places on scientific exchange; (2) secrecy for original manuscripts and editorial judgements and decisions; (3) a relation of accountability to empiricism for editorial readers that helps construct a boundary for manuscripts, deemed as scientific or not; and (4) a relation of accountability to readers enhanced by a criterion of originality that appears to construct another boundary for manuscripts, deemed as newsworthy or not. I conclude with implications from this work set against Kuhn’s theory of paradigms. I also look to implications for authors, policymakers, editors, and journal publishers.
Investigating journal peer review as scientific object of study
(2014-06-02) Gaudet, Joanne J.
Journal peer review performed in the natural sciences has been an object of study since at least 1830. Researchers mostly implicitly frame it as a rational system with expectations of rational decision-making. This in spite of research debunking rationality where journal peer review can yield low inter-rater reliability, be purportedly biased and conservative, and cannot readily detect fraud or misconduct. Furthermore, journal peer review is consistently presented as a process started in 1665 at the first journals and as holding a gatekeeper function for quality science. In contrast, socio-historical research portrays journal peer review as emulating previous social processes regulating what is to be considered as scientific knowledge (or not) (cf., inquisition, censorship) and early learned societies as engaged in peer review with a legal obligation under censorship. However, to date few researchers have sought to investigate journal peer review beyond a pre-constructed process or self-evident object of study based on common experience. Here I construct journal peer review as a scientific object of study with key analytical dimensions based on its structural properties and I analyze the contemporary form of pre-publication journal peer review (traditional peer review). I use the theoretical concept of social form to capture how individuals relate around a particular content. For the social form of ‘boundary judgement’ (i.e., journal peer review), content refers to decisions from the judgement of scientific written texts held to account to an overarching knowledge system. Given its roots in censorship with its function of bounding science, I frame journal peer review as following precursor boundary judgement forms of inquisition and censorship. Furthermore, analysis reveals that secrecy for editorial judgements and anonymity for referees in traditional peer review are counter to journal peer review’s legal roots and can curtail rational decision-making. Constructing journal peer review as a scientific object of study contributes to improving it based on scientific understanding.
Short Communication: Knowledge mobilization and ignorance mobilization dynamics in veterinary research
(2012-10-16) Gaudet, Joanne J.; Czub, Stefanie
“[I]t is not just the unknowns that [veterinarian researchers] should be concerned about but [also] the re-emergence of what we consider to be the ‘knowns’...” (Priestnall and Smith, 2012:272). This interplay between knowledge and ignorance is the starting point to explore veterinary research using a dynamic model of knowledge and ignorance mobilization in science (Gaudet et al., 2012; Gaudet, 2012). Harnessing empirical evidence from 'The Veterinary Journal' and building on scholarship from veterinary science and sociology, the aim is to probe knowledge and ignorance dynamics through social, physical and epistemic processes at critical junctures in the model. In conclusion, Priestnall and Smith’s overt consideration of veterinary ignorance joins a convergent interest from the natural and the social sciences for ignorance dynamics.
Ignorance is power: Ignorance mobilization and knowledge mobilization dynamics in science research
(2012-07-23) Gaudet, Joanne J.
Poster presentation on ignorance mobilization and knowledge mobilization dynamics in science.
‘Garbage Patch’ e-flows: Exploring on-line plastics in the ocean knowledge politics
(2012-07-23) Gaudet, Joanne J.
Garbage landfills are not generally construed as aesthetically pleasing. Even though the user-landfill relationship is typically mediated in Western societies (through complex institutional arrangements), landfills can still elicit vivid imagery and olfactory sensations with acknowledgement of a user relationship. What of plastics in the ocean, or more precisely, the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre Eastern Garbage Patch (Garbage Patch)? This particular trash problem precludes direct sensory experience and understanding of the link between the ‘user’ (that inadvertently or intentionally introduces plastics in waterways) and plastics in the Garbage Patch. I argue this renders investigation of Garbage Patch knowledge flows on the internet especially pertinent. In this way, the internet can be understood as a social environment for competing knowledge claim flows. From a social constructionist perspective and using empirical data gathered from domain name registration, search engine rankings and the IssueCrawler tool I investigate Garbage Patch knowledge politics on the internet. With this exploratory study I hope to contribute to (1) dialogue on how competing stakeholders produce and reproduce their e-presence and e-networks in an attempt to dominate Garbage Patch e-flows, and (2) gain insights on how the respective e-social networks mirror 'material world’ social networks and issue dynamics.
In praise of ignorance: Theoretically reconciling ignorance mobilization and knowledge mobilization towards network epistemic mobilization in collaborative science research networks
(2012-07-23) Gaudet, Joanne J.
In knowledge-based economies, how can the epistemic dynamics of academic research be understood in the context of collaborative research networks where knowledge production and use increasingly merge? My starting point is a potential epistemic blind spot in knowledge mobilization research on merging production and use dynamics: ignorance. I propose a new concept, ignorance mobilization, defined as the use of ignorance towards the achievement of goals. From the role of ignorance in research and innovation, to an understanding of epistemic (ignorance and knowledge) mobilization, I develop an interactive model of network epistemic mobilization. The model frames epistemic dynamics in collaborative research networks with production and use contexts. My main argument is that symmetrical social epistemology research can help understand the distinct and dynamic role of ignorance alongside knowledge in research and innovation. I draw from scholarship on the integration of academic research in knowledge-based economies, knowledge mobilization concepts and theory, sociology of knowledge and sociology of ignorance epistemic categories of ignorance and knowledge and their dynamics in research and innovation, and Simmelian and Weberian theories of action. Finally, this exploration is part of a broader collaborative research agenda that I hope can contribute to understanding and dialogue in praise of ignorance.

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