Géographie, environnement et géomatique - Publications // Geography, Environment and Geomatics - Publications

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/10393/23441

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Development and Management of Low-Impact Shipping Corridors in Nunavut : Workshop Report
(2019) Dawson, Jackie; Carter, Natalie; Reid, Mirya; Lalonde, Suzanne; Oraweic, Andrew; Pelot, Ron; Schmitz, Priscilla
Proceedings of the Northern Marine Transportation Corridors Workshop
(2016) Dawson, Jackie; Porta, Louie; Okuribido-Malcolm, Seyi; deHann, Maggie; Mussels, Olivia
Examining Different Approaches to Managing Arctic Shipping in Canada through a Corridors Approach : Global Case Studies
(2019) Reid, Mirya; Dawson, Jackie
Inuit Qaujisarnirmut Pilirijjutit on Arctic Shipping Risks : Community Research Report, Mittimatalik (Pond Inlet) and Arviat, Nunavut
(2024) Dawson, Jackie; Holloway, Jean; Macpherson, Julia; Milton, Michael; Elverum, Shelly; Boyse, Elizabeth; Jardine, Alex; Halliday, William; Roy, Mathieu; Muckpah, Jimmy
Analysis of Ice Navigational Risks by Level of Ice Strengthening Among Vessels in the Canadian Arctic (1990-2019)
(2021) Dawson, Jackie; Copland, Luke; Cook, Alison; Holloway, Jean; Kochtitzky, Will
Impacts of Climate Change on Navigational Choke Points for Ships Operating in the Canadian Arctic
(2019-09) Copland, Luke; Dawson, Jackie; Cook, Alison
Shipping Trends in Nunavut from 1990-2015
(2017) Dawson, Jackie; Mussells, Olivia; Copland, Luke; Carter, Natalie
This study involved in-depth examination of the past and present shipping activities across Nunavut, Canada from 1990 to 2015. The analysis was performed using Canadian Coast Guard NORDREG data and a geospatial database constructed by the research team. Marine traffic increased dramatically over the 26-year period examined in the study. The total distance travelled by all vessels doubled between 1990 (345,567 km) and 2015 (793,684 km), with a notably steep increase in distance between 2005 (430,0073 km) and 2008 (702,561 km) and the distance travelled by some vessel types increased more substantially than others (e.g., pleasure crafts, fishing vessels, and general cargo). The spatial concentration of ship traffic has been relatively consistent over time, however some changes in intensity and distribution are evident within certain vessel types and particularly in the Northwest Passage and throughout the Kitikmeot region. There has been a clear shift in geographic concentration of tourism vessels that favours the Northwest Passage over southern areas utilized in the past. Some vessel types, such as fishing vessels and bulk carriers, are more spatially limited than others such as passenger ships and icebreakers which are seen throughout Nunavut.
Arctic Corridors and Northern Voices : Governing Marine Transportation in the Canadian Arctic (Nain, Nunatsiavut community report)
(2024) Holloway, Jean; Holloway, Nathaniel; Dawson, Jackie; Weber, Melissa
Weather, Water, Ice, and Climate (WWIC)
(2023) Holloway, Jean; Holloway, Nathaniel; Dawson, Jackie
UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development: Safe Ocean Theme Strategic Science Plan (2024- 2030)
(2024) Dawson, Jackie; Holloway, Jean; Holloway, Nathaniel
The United Nation Decade of Ocean Science was declared for 2021-2030 to generate and share knowledge that directly contributes to meeting the goals of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development by using transformative ocean science solutions. Seven desirable outcomes were established as part of the Ocean Decade, one of which is the ‘Safe Ocean’ outcome, which encompasses “where life and livelihoods are protected from ocean-related hazards”. The Government of Canada, having adopted these Ocean Decade outcomes, is establishing Canada’s vision for a ‘Safe Ocean’, and research priorities to achieve this vision. The purpose of this document is to outline a strategic science plan to establish a clear vision and prioritize the implementation of the research priorities related to the Ocean Decade Safe Oceans theme. This report can then be used to develop specific targets to evaluate our achievements throughout the Safe Oceans Decade and at the end of the Decade and can be used to propose ‘next steps’ moving forward. This strategic science plan is composed of nine research priorities achievable within the Ocean Decade (2021-2030).
UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development: “A Safe Ocean” Benchmarking Report
(2024) Holloway, Jean; Dawson, Jackie; Holloway, Nathaniel; Frank, Louis
The United Nation Decade of Ocean Science was declared for 2021-2030 to generate and share knowledge that directly contributes to meeting the goals of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development by using transformative ocean science solutions. Seven desirable outcomes were established as part of the Ocean Decade, one of which is the ‘Safe Ocean’ outcome, which encompasses “where life and livelihoods are protected from ocean-related hazards”. The Government of Canada, having adopted these Ocean Decade outcomes, is establishing Canada’s vision for a ‘Safe Ocean’, and research priorities to achieve this vision. To support this, we used an adapted Delphi methodology in a three-phase approach (‘Collection’, ‘Convergence’, and ‘Consensus’) to: inventory relevant projects, programs, and experts across Canada; identify key research priority areas for the Ocean Decade; and, develop findings that will inform a strategic plan for the Safe Oceans theme during the decade. Through the Delphi approach, 62 research priorities and knowledge gaps were identified, divided into six thematic categories. Based on their priority, feasibility (i.e., combination of affordability and achievability), and timeframe to achieve, 12 research priorities emerged as the highest-ranked, which we suggest targeting first within the Ocean Decade. These findings will support the development of a Strategic Science Plan for the Safe Oceans Theme during the Ocean Decade and provide resources upon which the Government of Canada’s ‘Safe Ocean’ vision can be operationalized.
Labos SIG et la Terre numérique
(2023) Sawada, Michael; Knudby, Anders; Richardson, Galen; Sauro, Claudia
Cette ressource a été créée dans le cadre d'un projet visant à développer des notes de laboratoire en libre accès pour le cours "SIG et la Terre numérique" (GEG2720) à l'Université d'Ottawa et son équivalent en anglais "GIS and the Digital Earth" (GEG2320). Elle comprend des notes de laboratoire pour cinq labos accompagnés d'exercices pour ce cours d'introduction, ainsi que les données nécessaires aux étudiantes et étudiants pour compléter les labos. Tous les exercices sont basés sur ArcGIS Pro et nécessitent un accès à ce logiciel. Suivre ce lien vers GitHub pour télécharger les fichiers de données : https://github.com/andersknudby/GEG2720
GIS and the Digital Earth Labs
(2023) Sawada, Michael; Knudby, Anders; Richardson, Galen; Sauro, Claudia
This resource was created as part of a project to develop open-access lab notes for the University of Ottawa's "GIS and the Digital Earth" (GEG2320) course and its French counterpart "SIG et la Terre numérique" (GEG2720). It contains lab notes for five labs with exercises for this introductory course, as well as the data needed for students to work through the labs. All labs are based on ArcGIS Pro, and require students to have access to this software. Follow this link to GitHub to download the data files: https://github.com/andersknudby/GEG2320
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) and Metal Contamination of Air and Surfaces Exposed to Combustion Emissions During Emergency Fire Suppression: Implications for Firefighters’ Exposures
(2020) Keir, Jennifer; Aktar, Umme; Matchje, David; White, Paul; Kirkham, Tracy; Chan, Hing Man; Blais, Jules
This study examined occupational exposures of Ottawa firefighters to combustion by-products and selected metals. We measured exposures to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), antimony, cadmium, and lead using (1) personal air samplers worn by firefighters during emergency fire suppression; (2) wipe samples from skin, personal clothing, and personal protective equipment (PPE) collected before and after emergency firefighting (n=29), and (3) air samples collected in three fire stations, truck cabs, and one administration office. We assessed OFS PPE decontamination procedures using wipe samples collected before and after laundering (n=12). Air concentrations exceeded occupational exposure limits at two fire events for lead and nine for PAHs. After fire suppression, PAH concentrations were significantly higher on skin and PPE (p<0.001), antimony on skin, clothing, and PPE (p<0.001, 0.01, and 0.05, respectively), and lead on skin and PPE (p<0.001). Air concentrations of PAHs and antimony were significantly higher in vehicle bays compared to the office (p<0.05), but significantly lower compared to fire truck cabs (p<0.05). Washing PPE was effective in removing, on average, 61% of PAHs, 55% of antimony, 97% of lead, and 90% of cadmium. These results indicate that firefighters are significantly exposed, via multiple routes, to combustion by-products during on-shift fire suppression.
Gap Analysis: Shipping and Coastal Management in Inuit Nunangat
(2021) van Luijk, Nicolien; Holloway, Jean; Carter, Natalie; Dawson, Jackie; Orawiec, Andrew
Opportunities and strategies for effective management of low impact Arctic shipping corridors
(2022) Carter, Natalie A.; Dawson, Jackie; Stensland, Annika
Ship traffic has been increasing across the Canadian Arctic over the past decade and additional growth is expected as climate change continues to enhance navigability in the region. In response, the Government of Canada (GOC), including the Canadian Coast Guard, Transport Canada, and Canadian Hydrographic Service are developing a set of ‘Low Impact Shipping Corridors’ to support shipping governance. The objectives of the corridors are to; 1) establish incentivized and voluntary corridors; 2) provide marine navigation safety support; and 3) respect local cultures, ecology, and the environment. The GOC is currently engaging rights holders and stakeholders in an official capacity to promote discussions on the location and desired governance of low impact shipping corridors. The study presented here is separate from this official GOC activity and was designed as an independent research project that may aid GOC and other decision makers in the development and implementation of effective corridors governance. The specific purpose of this study was to identify and evaluate potential governance strategies that can aid in the effective management of Canada’s growing Arctic marine vessel traffic through a Low Impact Shipping Corridors approach and to enhance understanding of the opportunities and challenges related to governing marine vessel traffic across Inuit Nunangat and Arctic Canada. The research team undertook an iterative three-part survey (Policy Delphi) in which expert rights holders and stakeholders contributed their knowledge and perspectives on 1) strengths and weaknesses of the corridors framework; 2) potential management strategies that could aid in the effective governance of Canada’s growing Arctic marine vessel traffic through a corridors approach; and 3) what type of governance body may best suit regional and local needs. Participants identified a range of strengths and weaknesses of the corridors initiative including, for example, the need for enhanced marine navigationand safety, minimization of ecological and cultural impacts, guiding effective infrastructure and service investments, and shared leadership and collaborative management. From the suite of strengths and weaknesses, participants identified a total of 45 corridors-management strategies that could potentially enhance related strengths and mitigate weaknesses that were revealed. The suite of potential management strategies was organized into relevant thematic areas, which included 1) Governance and Regulation, 2) Resources and Services, 3) Knowledge Mobilization and Communication, 4) Culture and Environment, and 5) Research and Monitoring. Each individually identified strategy was carefully evaluated using a structured rubric by a 31-member expert panel based on five factors including a) affordability, b) implementability, c) effectiveness, d) co-benefits, and e) timeframe for implementation. Affordability and implementability collectively can be considered measures of overall ‘feasibility’. Levels of consensus among the expert panel members was considered, and where a significant divergence of opinion emerged it was taken into consideration when ranking priority management options (i.e., only strategies receiving high and/or medium levels of consensus among the expert panel members were listed as priority management strategies). Results of the analysis revealed a total of ten management strategies ranking the highest including: establishing a 'one stop shop' public website for corridors-related information; establishing a single point of contact that Inuit Nunangat community members can connect with if they observe non-compliance of regulations; publicly sharing the names of vessels that violate corridors regulations; providing real-time digital maps of the corridors to all operators; modernizing navigation aids; investing in modern charting; establishing a network of digital communications infrastructure; creating educational material and providing fuel spill kit training for Inuit Nunangat communities; and sharing of key features in the corridors such as Culturally Significant Marine Areas (CSMA) and Ecologically and Biologically Significant Areas (EBSA) with ship operators for consideration when navigating in the area. When considering principles for effective corridors management, two overarching ideas emerged from the expert panel, including the idea that corridors management should be responsive, and inclusive, as well as dynamic.
Télédétection
(2021) Knudby, Anders
Ce livre d’introduction à la télédétection se veut l’équivalent d’un manuel pour un cours universitaire de premier cycle. Dernière mise à jour : 2023
Remote Sensing
(2021) Knudby, Anders
This introductory book on Remote Sensing is intended to be the equivalent of a textbook for an undergraduate-level university course. Last updated in 2023.
Tourism Vessels and Low Impact Shipping Corridors in Arctic Canada: Trends, Risks, Community Perspectives and Management Strategies
(2021) Dawson, Jackie; Carter, Natalie Ann; van Luijk, Nicolien; Cook, Alison; Weber, Melissa; Orawiec, Andrew; Stewart, Emma; Holloway, Jean
Marine tourism in the Canadian Arctic is a small but rapidly growing industry. Since 1990, the average annual distance travelled by passenger vessels (e.g., cruise ships) has more than doubled, and for pleasure crafts (e.g., commercial or private yachts) the average annual distance travelled has increased by nearly 4000%. This growth is tremendous, yet, at the same time, pleasure craft vessels are also some of the least regulated vessels in the Canadian Arctic (Johnston et al., 2017a). The Federal Government of Canada has responded to the overall need for additional regulatory frameworks for all vessels in the Canadian Arctic. The government is in the process of developing what is now known as the Low Impact Shipping Corridors (LISC). The LISC are described as shipping routes throughout the Canadian Arctic that are intended to provide “infrastructure, navigational support and emergency response services needed for safer marine navigation, while respecting the environment and local ecology and cultures” (Transport Canada, 2017a). While this management system has the potential to provide much needed support to many types of vessels travelling through the Canadian Arctic (e.g. re-supply vessels), this report highlights the need for the creation of alternative and additional management systems for tourist vessels in particular. Tourist vessels present unique risks in terms of travel through the Canadian Arctic. The purpose of this type of travel is not simply to transit through, or to find the safest and fastest route, the purpose is adventure and exploration. This means that tourist vessels often travel to areas of the Canadian Arctic that are not necessarily well serviced or charted. The findings of this report show that a significant portion of the distance travelled by both passenger ships and pleasure crafts occurs outside of the LISC. At the same time, the findings also show that tourist vessels like to travel through government and community identified areas of significance, such as Ecologically and Biologically Significant Areas (EBSAs; See Science Advisory Report 2011/055) and Culturally Significant Marine Areas (CSMAs). The amount that the distance travelled increased through these areas was similar to the overall increase in distance travelled throughout the entire Northern Canada Vessel Traffic Services (NORDREG) zone (see Canadian Coast Guard, 2021), which represents the zone of Canadian waters North of 60°, as well as southern Hudson Bay and Ungava Bay, where vessels must report their daily location and other information to the Canadian Coast Guard. It has also been found that a number of cruise ship itinerary listings fall within these culturally (CSMA) or environmentally and biologically (EBSA) significant areas. These findings show that tourist vessels often transit beyond the LISC, which raises questions about the usefulness of LISC as the single regulatory framework for all vessels. This report also highlights the concerns of Inuit and northern communities about the effects of tourist vessels accessing important cultural and/or environmental sites and disrupting subsistence activities in or near their communities. While tourist vessels have the potential to benefit Arctic communities through supporting the local economy, the findings show that community members did not always feel that they experienced these benefits. The report details community-identified recommendations that could be implemented as part of a broader management system to ensure tourist vessels have minimal negative impacts on communities and marine wildlife, while at the same time maximizing the positive impacts they could have on these communities.
ᐱᕙᓪᓕᐊᔭᐅᔪᑦ ᐳᓚᕋᖅᑐᓕᕆᓂᖅᒧᑦ ᐅᕙᓂ ᐅᖅᓱᖅᑑᒥ ᐅᔭᓂᓗ ᐅᒦᔭᖅᓂᖁᒃ ᐊᕙᑖᓄᑦ ᑯᐃᓐ ᐅᒥᐊᖓᓂ ᐃᐅᕋᐸᒡᒥᑦ ᑕᐃᒪᓗ ᑯᐃᓐ ᐅᒥᐊᖓᓂ ᑎᐅᕈᒥ ᐃᑦᓴᖅᓂᑕᖅᓄᑦ ᐃᓂᒋᔭᐅᔪᓂᑦ
(2021) Weber, Melissa; Dawson, Jackie; Carter, Natalie Ann
ᐳᓚᕋᖅᑐᓕᕆᓂᖅ ᐱᕈᖅᐸᓪᓕᐊᒧᖅ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᓄᓇᖓ’ᓂ, ᐊᑑᑎᖃᖅᑎᐊᖅᖢᓂᓗ ᐃᓄᒡᓄᑦ ᒪᓂᓕᐅᕈᑕᐅᓂᖅᒧᑦ. ᐳᕋᐃᒡᒪᓐ ᐅᒦᔭᖅᓯᒪᓂᑯᕆᔮᒃ ᓇᓂᔭᐅᓯᒪᓕ’ᒪᓂᒃ ᐅᕙᓂ, ᓯᑎᑉᐱᕆ 2, 2014ᒥ ᑕᐃᒪᓗ ᓯᑎᑉᐱᕆ 3, 2016ᒥ, ᓂᕆᐅᒋᔭᐅᒧᑦ ᓴᑦᕿᖅᑎᑎᕈᑕᐅᓂᐊᖅᓂᖓᓂᒃ ᐳᓚᕋᖅᑐᓂᒃ ᐊᓗᑐᕆᔭᐅᓂᖅᒧᑦ ᐃᓕᖓᓂᖃᕈᑕᐅᓗᓂ ᐱᕕᒡᓴᖃᖅᑎᑦᑎᓂᐊ’ᓂᕆᔮᓄᑦ ᐳᓚᕋᖅᑐᓕᕆᓂᖅᒧᑦ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᐊᔭᐅᔾᔪᑎᖃᖅᓗᓂ, ᑕ’ᓇᐃᑦᑲᓗᐊᖅᑎ’ᓗᒍ, ᓴᑉᓇ ᓇᓗᓇᕈᑕᐅ’ᒪᑦ 1) ᑎᑭᖃᑕᖅᓂᐊᖅᑐᑦ ᓱᓇᓂᒃ ᖃᐅᔨᕚᓪᓕᕈᑎᖃᖅᓂᐊᖅᐸᑦ ᐃᒪ’ᓇ ᑕᐅᑐᒡᓇᖅᓗᓕ; ᑕᐃᒪᓗ 2) ᐊᑐᐃᓇᐅᔪᒡᓴᑦ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᐊᔭᐅᔪᒡᓇᖅᑐᑦ ᐳᓚᕋᖅᑎᓂ ᖃᐅᔨᕚᓕᕈᑎᒡᓴᐃ’ᓄᑦ. ᑕᓴᑉᓱᒪ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᖅᓂᐅᔪᕐ ᓴᓇᐅᒐᐅᔪᒧᑦ ᐱᔾᔪᑎᒋᔮ ᑎᑎᕋᕈᑕᐅᓗᓂ ᓄᓇᓕᒡᓂ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᓂᕆᔭᐅᔪᓂᒃ ᑕᐃᒪᓗ ᖃᓄᖅ ᑕᐅᑦᑐᖃᕈᒡᓇᖅᓂᕆᔮᓂᒃ ᐳᓚᕋᖅᑐᓕᕆᓂᖅᒧᑦ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᐊᔭᐅᔪᑕᐅᔪᒡᓇᖅᑐᓂᒃ ᐃᑲᔪᖅᓯᖅᓯᒪᔾᔪᑕᐅᔪᓇᖅᑐᓄᑦ ᐳᓚᕋᖅᑐᓕᕆᓂᖅᒧᑦ ᐊᐅᓚᑕᐅᔾᔪᑎᒋᓂᐊᖅᑖᓄᑦ ᐆᒧᖓᑦ ᐳᕋᐃᒡᓚᓐ ᐅᒦᔭᖅᓂᕆᔮᑕ ᓇᔪᖅᑖᓄᑦ. ᐅᓇ ᑐᓴᒐᒡᓴᖅ ᑕᑯᒡᓴᐅᑎᑦᑎᔪᖅ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᓂᐅᔪᓂᒃ ᐃᓱᒪᒋᔭᐅᔪᓂᓘ ᑕᐃᑉᑯᓇ’ᖓᑦ ᐊᐱᖅᓱᖅᑕᐅᔪᓂᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᒡᒥᐅᑕᐅᔪᓂᑦ ᐅᕙᓂ ᐅᖅᓱᖅᑑᒥ ᑖᑉᑯᓇ’ᖓᑦ ᓇᓗᓇᐃᔭᖅᑕᐅᔪᓂᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᓂᕆᔭᐃ’ᓄᑦ ᑕᐃᒪᓗ/ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓃᑦ ᓇᓗᖏᑕᐃ’ᓄᑦ. ᓴᓇᐅᒐᐅᔪᒪᔪᓄᑦ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᔪᒪᔪᑦ ᐅᑯᐊᖑᔪᑦ ᐃᒪ’ᓇᐅᑑᓗᒋᑦ…. 1. ᓄᓇᓕᒡᓂ ᐃᓱᒪᒋᔭᐅᔪᑦ ᓇᓗᓇᐃᔭᖅᓗᒋᑦ ᑕᐃᒪᓗ ᐱᖁᔨᕗᖔᕈᑎᑦ ᐳᓚᕋᖅᑐᓕᕆᓂᖅᒧᑦ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᐊᔭᐅᓕᖅᓗᑎᒃ; 2. ᑎᑎᕋᒪᓗᒋᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᒡᒥᐅᑕᐅᔪᓄᑦ ᐃᓱᒪᒋᔭᐅᔪᑦ ᐅᑯᒡᓄᖓᑦ ᐅᒦᔭᖅᓯᒪᓂᑯᒡᓄᑦ ᑯᐃᓐ ᐅᒥᐊᖓᓄᑦ ᐃᐅᕋᐸᔅᒧᑦ ᑕᐃᒪᓗ ᑯᐃᓐ ᐅᒥᐊᖓᓄᑦ ᑎᐅᕈᒧᑦ ᐃᑦᓴᖅᓂᑕᓂ ᐃᓂᒋᔭᐅᔪᒧᑦ ᐅᓂᖅᑕᐅᕙᒡᑐᒡᓴᓕᐊᕆᓗᒍ ᐳᓚᕋᖅᑎᓄᑦ; ᑕᐃᒪᓗ 3. ᐃᓱᒪᒡᓴᖅᓯᐅᕈᑕᐅᔮᖃᖅᓂᐊᖅᖢᓂ ᖃᓄᖅ ᐳᕋᐃᒡᓚᓐᒧᑦ ᐅᒦᔭᕈᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᒃ ᑲᔪᖏᐅᑕᐅᓕᕈᖅᓇᖅᓂᕆᔮᓄᑦ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᐊᔭᐅᓗᓂ ᐅᕙᓂ ᐅᖅᓱᖅᑑᒥ. ᓇᓗᓇᐃᖅᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᓴᓇᐅᒐᕆᐅᓂᐊᖅᑐᑦ ᖃᓄᕆᓯᖓᔮᖃ’ᒪᖔᑖ ᐅᑯᐊᖑᕗᑦ … • ᓄᓇᓕᒦᐅᑕᐅᔪᑦ ᐅᖅᓱᖅᑑᒥ ᑐᖕᒐᓱᒡᑎᑦᑎᔪᒡᓇ’ᒪᑕ ᐳᓚᕋᖅᑎᓂᒃ ᑕᐃᒪᓗ ᐳᓚᕋᖅᑎᐅᔪᓂᒃ ᐊᒥᓱᒡᖑᐹᓕᖁᔨ’ᓗᑎᒃ ᑕᐃᑉᑯᓄᖓᑦ ᑎᑭᑉᐸᓕᐊᖃᑕᖅᑐᒡᓴᓄᑦ ᑕᒪᐅᖓ ᓄᓇᓕᒡᓄᑦ; • ᐳᓚᕋᖅᑎᐅᔪᑦ ᐊᒥᕋᖅᓯᕚᓪᓕᖅᓂᐊᖅᐸᑕ ᐅᖅᓱᖅᑑᒥ ᑕᐃᒪᓗ ᐅᒦᔭᖅᓯᒪᓂᑯᒡᓄᑦ ᑎᑭᑦᑕᖅᐹᓕᕈᒡᓇᖅᓗᑎᒃ ᐃᓂᒋᔮ’ᓄᑦ, ᐃᒡᓗᑕᖃᕆᐊᖃᖅᓂᐊᖅᑐᖅ ᓇᔪᖅᑕᐅᕙᒡᑐᒡᓴᒥᒃ (ᐱᕚᓪᓕᖅᓯᒪᔭᐅᓗᓂ. ᑕᒡᖠᒋᐊᖅᑕᐅᓗᓂ ᒥᕝᕕᐊ, ᑲᖏᖅᖢᐊᓗ ᐃᓪᓗᐊᖅᓴᖅᑕᐅᓗᓂ, ᓄᓇᓕᒡᓂᓗ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᕙᒡᑐᑦ ᐊᒡᓕᒋᐊᖅᑕᐅᓯᒪᓗᑎᒃ (ᐅᑯᐊᑦ. ᐃᒡᓗᑦ) ᑕᐃᒪᓗ ᑐᐱᖅᐸᒡᑕᖃᖅᓗᒍ ᐳᕋᐃᒡᓚᓐ ᐅᒦᔭᖅᓯᒪᓂᕕᖏᑕ ᖃᓂᖓᓃᑦᑐᓂᒃ); ᑕᐃᒪᓗ • ᑕᓴᑉᓇ ᐃᓱᒪ’ᓇ’ᒪᑦ ᒪᓂᓕᐅᕈᑕᐅᔪᒡᓇᖅᓂᕆᔮᓄᑦ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᐊᔭᐅᓗᓂ ᐅᒦᔭᖅᓯᒪᓂᑯᒃ ᐃᓱᒪᒋᓗᒋᒃ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔭᐅ’ᒪᓂᒃ ᓄᓇᓕᒡᒥᐅᑕᖅᓄᑦ. ᐱᔪᒪᔭᐅᓂᖓ ᑕᐅᑐᒡᓇ’ᒪᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᒡᒥᐅᑕᐅᔪᓪᓗ ᐸ’ᓇᐃᖅᓯᒪᔾᔪᑎᒋᔮᖃᖅᓂᐊᖅᑖᑦ ᐃᑲᔫᑎᖃᖅᓂᕆᔪᒡᓇᖅᑖ ᐃᓪᓗᐊᖅᓴᖅᑕᐅᓯᒪᔮᖃᖅᑐᖅ.

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