Identification of Novel Parkinson’s Disease Genes Involved in Parkin Mediated Mitophagy

Abstract

Mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated as one of the primary causes of Parkinson's disease (PD). The proteins PINK1, a serine-threonine kinase, and Parkin, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, are mutated in many genetic cases of PD. In healthy individuals, Parkin is recruited to damaged mitochondria and leads to autophagic degradation of mitochondria in a process termed mitophagy. Following depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane, PINK1 is stabilized on the outer mitochondrial membrane, and triggers Parkin translocation from the cytosol to mitochondria. Precisely how this phenomenon is regulated is still unclear. We employed RNA interference (RNAi) technology in a 384-well format to identify novel genes that are required for Parkin recruitment to mitochondria. We identified ATPase inhibitory factor 1 (IF1) as the strongest hit required for Parkin recruitment following treatment with the protonophore CCCP. We show that IF1 is upstream of PINK1 and Parkin, and required to sense mitochondrial damage by allowing the loss of membrane potential. In cells treated with CCCP, the absence of IF1 permits the ATP synthase to run freely in reverse, consuming ATP to maintain potential across the inner mitochondrial membrane, thus blocking PINK1 and Parkin activation. Interestingly, Rho0 cells, that lack mitochondrial DNA, have downregulated endogenous expression of IF1 in order to maintain mitochondrial function. Overexpression of IF1 in Rho0 cells results in the depletion of mitochondrial membrane potential and the initiation of mitophagy. These data demonstrate a unique role for IF1 in the regulation of mitochondrial quality control that has not been explored in the etiology of PD.