The Earnings Difference Between Immigrants and Native-born Canadians in Different-Sized Urban Centres

Abstract

This paper uses the individual file from the 2016 Census datasets to study earning differences between immigrants and native-born Canadians based on gender and minority status in three different levels of CMAs. The results show that the earnings gap between female immigrants and native-born female Canadians increases with an increase in the CMA level. This remains true for both visible and nonvisible minorities. However, such an effect does not happen when examining immigrants and native-born men. In addition, both male and female visible immigrants face more serious earning gap in higher levels of CMAs. In the category of Big CMA, female visible immigrants face more serious problems on earnings than male visible immigrants. In the category of Other CMA, male visible immigrant face more serious earning problems than female visible immigrants.