A Phenomenological Inquiry into the North American Shaman’s Experience of the Altered State of Consciousness

Abstract

Although conflicting ideas exist about the origin of the shaman, it is clear that these individuals exist across culture and history (Eliade, 1964/2004; Winkelman, 2010). Research has indicated that a specific altered state of consciousness (ASC) exists that the shaman utilizes to help the individual or group heal (Harner, 1980). Discrepancies in understanding the shaman`s experience of ASC had led to the call for further research in this area. (Cardeña, 2011a; Walsh, 2007, Winkelman, 2010). This phenomenological study aimed to investigate the shaman`s experience of the ASC. Results indicated that the shaman’s evolution was based on the criteria associated with the wounded healer archetype as well as conditions associated with the individuation process of Jung (1959/1980a). The study also revealed the shaman’s experience of the ASC was accomplished through a pattern of development that resulted in each participant acquiring the status of shaman. Specifically the ASC was the avenue whereby each participant became a shaman. As well, the results indicated that the induction procedures associated with entering the ASC were not required as once the shaman achieved his/her status access to the ASC was readily available. Based on the narratives of the five participants, the results suggest that the shaman is a person who has an expanded understanding of the consciousness experience. This contrasts what Western society has understood about consciousness.