Factors Influencing the Dietary Intake of Combat Rations by Soldiers in the Canadian Armed Forces Working in the Arctic

Abstract

Purpose: This study aimed to identify the factors influencing the dietary intake of combat rations by soldiers in the Canadian Armed Forces training in the Arctic, and to measure their energy intake as well as weight and body composition changes. Methods: Soldiers’ perceptions (n=48) were initially collected with an online national survey sent between July and September 2018. Additionally, individual semi-structured interviews were conducted in March 2019 (n=16). Measurements of 14 participants were taken at different time-points during an Arctic military course from January to March2019: weight was measured using a digital scale, and body composition with bioelectrical impedance analysis. Energy intake was measured using a 24-hour food diary. Results: The survey revealed that eating on-the-move; the equipment required for food preparation and consumption; as well as the weather and environmental conditions most negatively affected dietary intake. Also, 65% of survey respondents self-reported losing weight during their training. Interviewed participants reported six main factors influencing dietary intake: food and water temperature, time needed to prepare meals, water availability, personal preferences, variety of food, and soldier mood and team morale. Twelve of the 14 participants lost weight (3.9±3.0 kg) during the first portion of the course. However, body composition did not change from beginning to end of the course. Energy intake was 2799±835 kcal/day compared to estimated energy requirements of 5577±681 kcal/day, representing an average energy deficit of49.8±19.2%. iii Conclusion: The Arctic is a challenging environment, making it difficult to adequately meet energy needs of soldiers with combat rations. Intake was below energy requirements, and weight losses were observed. Many interrelated factors influenced soldiers’ dietary intake. Combat rations adapted for soldiers’ work in the Arctic environment could help optimize consumption. In addition, further assessment of ration suitability and exploration of other factors related to soldiers’ intake in the field could be evaluated in order to enhance dietary intake.